Method of controlling water surface inhabiting pests

ABSTRACT

The present invention discloses a method for controlling surface-inhabiting pests in an aquatic system, in particular cyanobacteria and harmful algal blooms (HABs), comprising spreading on the surface of the aquatic system a buoyant composition comprising a water disinfectant, preferably an oxidizing compound, and a floating agent. The invention further relates to compositions and methods for their preparation and use.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.16/120,228, filed on Sep. 1, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 14/899,965 filed on Dec. 18, 2015 (issued as U.S.Pat. No. 10,092,005), which is a National Phase of PCT PatentApplication No. PCT/IL2014/050602 having International Filing Date ofJul. 3, 2014, which claims the benefit of priority to IsraeliApplication No. 227343 filed on Jul. 4, 2013. The contents of the aboveapplications are all incorporated by reference as if fully set forthherein in their entirety.

TECHNOLOGICAL FIELD

The present invention is in the field of water disinfection.

PRIOR ART

References considered to be relevant as background to the presentlydisclosed subject matter are listed below:

-   Berg, K. A., Lyra, C., Sivonen, K., Paulin, L., Suomalainen, S.,    Tuomi, P., and Rapala, J. (2008) High diversity of cultivable    heterotrophic bacteria m association with cyanobacterial water    blooms. ISME J 3: 314-325.-   Broza, M. and Halpern, M. (2001) Chironomid egg masses and Vibrio    cholerae. Nature 412: 40.-   Deng L. and Hayes P. K. (2008) Evidence for cyanophages active    against bloom-forming fresh water cyanobactera. Fresh Water Biology    53: 1240-1252.-   Di Domenico, D., Ruggeri, L., and Trentini, M. (2006) The use of    sodium hypochlorite as ovicide against Aedes albopictus. Journal of    the American Mosquito Control Association 22: 346-348.-   Drabkova, M., Marsalek, B., and Admiraal, W. (2007) Photodynamic    therapy against cyanobacteria. Environ Toxicol 22: 112-115.-   Eiler, A. and Bertilsson, S. (2004) Composition of freshwater    bacterial communities associated with cyanobacterial blooms in four    Swedish lakes. Environmental Microbiology 6: 1228-1243.-   Falconer, I. R., Beresford, A. M., and Runnegar, M. T. (1983)    Evidence of liver damage by toxin from a bloom of the blue-green    alga, Microcystis aeruginosa. The Medical Journal of Australia 1:    511.-   Gardes, A., Iversen, M. H., Grossart, H. P., Passow, U., and    Ullrich, M. S. (2010) Diatom-associated bacteria are required for    aggregation of Thalassiosira weissflogii. ISME J-   Hatchett, S. P. (1946) Chlorine as apossible ovicide for Aedes    aegypti eggs. Public Health Reports (1896-1970) 61: 683-685.-   Hullebusch, E. V., Deluchat, V., Chazal, P. M., and Baudu, M. (2002)    Environmental impact of two successive chemical treatments in a    small shallow eutrophied lake: Part II. Case of copper sulfate.    Environmental Pollution 120: 627-634.-   Iredale, R. S., McDonald, A. T., and Adams, D. G. (2012) A series of    experiments aimed at clarifying the mode of action of barley straw    in cyanobacterial growth control. Water Research 46: 6095-6103.-   Jacups, S. P., Ball, T. S., Paton, C. J., Johnson, P. H., and    Ritchie, S. A. (2013) Operational use of household bleach to “crash    and release” Aedes aegypti prior to Wolbachia-infected mosquito    release. Journal of Medical Entomology 50: 344-351.-   Jones, B. E., Grant, W. D., Duckworth, A. W., and    Owenson, G. G. (1998) Microbial diversity of soda lakes.    Extremophiles 2: 191-200.-   Kaplan, A., Harel, M., Kaplan-Levy, R. N., Hadas, O., Sukenik, A.,    and Dittmann, E. (2012) The languages spoken in the water body (or    the biological role of cyanobacterial toxins). Frontiers in    Microbiology 3.-   Kolmakov, V. I. (2006) Methods for prevention of mass development of    the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa Kutz emend. Elenk. in    aquatic systems. Microbiology 75: 115-118.-   Matthijs H. C. P., Visser P. M., Reeze B., Meeuse J., Slot P. C.,    Wijn G., Talens R., Huisman J. (2012) Selective suppression of    harmful cyanobacteria in an entire lake with hydrogen peroxide.    Water Research 46: 1460-1472.-   Sigee, D. (2005) Biodiversity and Dynamic Interactions of    Microorganisms in the Aquatic Environment. In Freshwater    Microbiology. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 328-338.-   Swaen, G. M., van Vliet, C., Slangen, J. J., and Sturmans, F. (1992)    Cancer mortality among licensed herbicide applicators. Scandinavian    journal of work, environment & health 18: 201-204.-   Xiao, X., Huang, H., Ge, Z., Rounge, T. B., Shi, J., Xu, X. et    al. (2014) A pair of chiral flavonolignans as novel    anti-cyanobacterial allelochemicals derived from barley straw    (Hordeum vulgare): characterization and comparison of their    anti-cyanobacterial activities. Environmental Microbiology 16:    1238-1251.

Acknowledgement of the above references herein is not to be inferred asmeaning that these are in any way relevant to the patentability of thepresently disclosed subject matter.

BACKGROUND

Photosynthetic microorganisms tend to form seasonal blooms in waterbodies such as ponds, lakes, wastewater reservoirs and oceans. Theseblooms are defined by a massive increase in cell-number that can reachto up to 10⁶-10⁷ cells/ml and over than 50 μg/l chlorophyll-a. Thephenomenon can be apparent to naked eye when water turns dark-green, redor brown. Although the bloom consists mainly of microorganisms capableto convert light energy via photosynthesis, it also coexists with avariety of many other microorganisms that support the entire community(Gardes et al., 2010). In some cases due to biotic and abioticconditions, some of the species, namely blue-green algae, better knownas cyanobacteria, use their gas vesicles to position themselves on watersurface to form biofilms (also described as scums or mats).Cyanobacteria are a diverse group of oxygenic photosynthetic prokaryotesthat possesses a versatile physiological and wide ecological tolerance,which contributes to their competitive success over a broad spectrum ofenvironments. For more than 40 years the abundance of these organismsintensified globally in lakes, reservoirs, rivers and brackish waterenvironments. Their blooms produce a musty odor and, more seriously,toxins. Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CHABs) indicate an alertsituation to water authorities, environmental and health agencies, asthey reflect eutrophication problems as well as secretion of a hugearray of metabolites, some of them most toxic to eukaryotes (Kaplan etal., 2012).

Several means for treating algal blooms are presently employed, e.g. asequential treatment with aluminum sulfate (Al₂(SO₄)₃) and coppersulfate (Hullebusch et al. 2002), peroxides (Drabkova et al., 2007), orherbicides (i.e. diuron, simazine, atrazine). However, these treatmentsare associated with grave environmental consequences (Falconer et al.,1983; Kolmakov, 2006; Swaen et al., 1992), and are also expensive(treatment with Al₂(SO₄)₃ is estimated at US$750,000 to US$1,000,000 persq km).

Accordingly, the available treatments are mostly used in artificialsmall ponds, pools and small shallow lakes where the ecological aspectof overdosing is not crucial. These treatments are not adequate forlarge water bodies, nor are they suitable for repeated use due totoxicity and ecological impact, their relatively high cost and therequirement for very large inputs for their uniform dispersal.

Another means for preventing CHABs is dumping barley or rice staw intoaquatic ecosystems, though the effect was not consistent (Iredale etal., 2012). A recent discovery of their active compounds (flavonolignanssalcolin A and B) (Xiao et al., 2014) demonstrated their lytic efficacyover Microcystis aeruginosa. However, these active compounds are notcommercially available and are yet to obtain the required environmentaland regulatory clearances.

Cyanophages, lytic viruses that specifically attack cyanobacteria, werehypothetically suggested, but were never practically identified or used(Deng and Hayess, 2008).

Matthijs et al., (2012) used a dispersal device and treated the wholevolume of a shallow 0.12 sq km lake with ˜60 μM liquid H₂O₂. Theprocedure was expensive due to the high cost of the device, timeconsuming and risky due to the use of liquid hydrogen peroxide. Also,the chemical was recorded in the water two days post treatment.Moreover, frequent exposure to H₂O₂ in large scale areas and at highfrequencies may induce cyanobacterial resistance to the compound in thelong run.

Chironomids (Diptera; Chironomidae; Chironomus) are the most abundantspecies of insects in freshwater worldwide. They undergo a completemetamorphosis in four life stages; three are aquatic (eggs, larvae,pupae) and the last is the terrestrial adult stage. Females layegg-masses (of 400-1,000 eggs) embedded in a thick gelatinous matrix onthe edge of water bodies.

The Chironomids (also known as non-biting midges) cause severeecological and economical nuisance. Massive swarms of adult Chironomidsemerging from aquatic habitats near, or in urban areas affect tourismand real estate value and are associated with human allergic reactions.As larvae they clog water pipes and may reach the water supply systemsof home-users (“red worms”). Furthermore, Chironomids' gelatinousegg-mass is reported to serve as a natural reservoir of Vibrio cholera(Broza and Halpern (2001)). Currently, the efforts to prevent cholerarely on a combination of sanitary hygienic measures. Pesticides, whichare used against the chironomids' larvae, have limited success since ina chronic use, the midges were found to adjust and become resistant.Moreover, pesticides have a broad specificity and may harm theenvironment, including humans.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is based on the surprising finding that buoyantformulations of various bleaching agents are effective in reducingcyanobacterial population in treated water. Furthermore, theformulations have shown efficacy as ovicides of marine insects,dramatically reducing the number of healthy larvae hatching from theeggs.

Accordingly, the present invention provides in a first of its aspects amethod for controlling surface-inhabiting pests in an aquatic system,the method comprising:

-   -   a. Obtaining a composition comprising at least one water        disinfectant being an active agent releasing compound and at        least one floating agent; and    -   b. treating the aquatic system with the composition under        conditions that cause reduction, inhibition or elimination of        said pest growth in the aquatic system.

In one embodiment, said at least one water disinfectant is an oxidizingwater disinfectant.

In one embodiment, the at least one water disinfectant is selected fromthe group consisting of a chlorine releasing agent, a bromine-releasingagent, a peroxide-based compound, a copper salt, an aluminum salt, andany combination thereof.

In a specific embodiment, the water disinfectant is calcium hypochlorite(Ca(OCl)₂) or sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC).

In one embodiment, the floating agent is selected from the groupconsisting of cellulose derivatives, ground plant biomass, saturatedhydrocarbons, resinous materials, foam, and natural or synthetic latex.

In a specific embodiment, the floating agent is wood dust.

In another specific embodiment, the floating agent is paraffin.

In another specific embodiment, the floating agent is rosin.

In another specific embodiment, the floating agent is extruded orexpanded polystyrene foam.

In another specific embodiment, the floating agent is silicone foam.

In certain embodiments, the amount of the at least one waterdisinfectant is about 10% weight/weight (w/w), or about 20% w/w, orabout 30% w/w, or about 40% w/w, or about 50% w/w or higher of thecomposition.

In certain embodiments, the composition is in the form of particles,granules, flakes, powder, pellets, pills, solution or a combinationthereof.

In one embodiment, said pest growth is selected from the groupconsisting of cyanobacterial growth, algal growth, microbial growth,plankton growth, and water surface inhabiting insects.

In one embodiment, the treating step follows detection of a harmfulalgal bloom in the aquatic system.

In a specific embodiment, the treating is performed at the beginning ofthe bloom episode.

In another embodiment, the treating step is performed upon detection ofsaid pest growth.

In a specific embodiment, said pest is cyanobacteria and said waterdisinfectant is administered at a concentration of between about 0.005g/m² and about 50 g/m², or between about 0.5 ppm and about 50 ppm of theactive agent.

In one embodiment, said treatment results in race amounts of the activecompound as measured in the water 0.5 hour, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 24hours or more after each treatment.

In a specific embodiment, said trace amounts of the active compound donot exceed 3 ppm, as measured 24 hours or more after each treatment.

In another embodiment, said pest is water surface inhabiting insects andsaid disinfectant is administered at a concentration of between about 50ppm and about 1000 ppm.

In a specific embodiment, said surface inhabiting insects are Culex sp.,Aedes sp., Anopheles sp. or Chironomidee sp.s.

In certain embodiments, said disinfectant acts as an ovicide.

In one embodiment, said treating step comprises single, dual or multipleadministrations of the water disinfectant.

In certain embodiments, the treating step is performed three times aday, or twice a day, or once a day, or once a week, or once every twoweeks, or once every three weeks, or once a month or at longerintervals.

In a specific embodiment, the treating step is performed once a day ortwice a day for a period of 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days ormore.

In one embodiment, the dual or multiple administrations are with thesame or with different disinfectants.

In certain embodiments, the treatment is performed by manual ormechanical dusters or by spreading a liquid solution, e.g. from a boator a plane.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a composition for usein controlling surface-inhabiting pests in an aquatic system, thecomposition comprising at least one water disinfectant being an activeagent releasing compound and at least one floating agent.

In one embodiment, said at least one water disinfectant is an oxidizingwater disinfectant.

In one embodiment, the at least one water disinfectant is selected fromthe group consisting of a chlorine releasing agent, a bromine-releasingagent, a peroxide-based compound, a copper salt, an aluminum salt, andany combination thereof.

In a specific embodiment, the water disinfectant is calcium hypochloriteor NaDCC.

In one embodiment, the floating agent is selected from the groupconsisting of cellulose derivatives, ground plant biomass, saturatedhydrocarbons, resinous materials, foam, and natural or synthetic latex.

In a specific embodiment, the floating agent is wood dust.

In another specific embodiment, the floating agent is paraffin.

In another specific embodiment, the floating agent is rosin.

In another specific embodiment, the floating agent is extruded orexpanded polystyrene foam.

In another specific embodiment, the floating agent is silicone foam.

In certain embodiments, the amount of the at least one waterdisinfectant is about 10% w/w, or about 20% w/w, or about 30% w/w, orabout 40% w/w, or about 50% w/w or higher of the total composition.

In certain embodiments, the composition is in the form of particles,granules, flakes, powder, pellets, pills or a solution.

In one embodiment, said pest growth is selected from the groupconsisting of cyanobacterial growth, algal growth, microbial growth,plankton growth, and water surface inhabiting insects.

In one embodiment, the composition is administered following detectionof a harmful algal bloom in the aquatic system.

In a specific embodiment, the composition is administered at thebeginning of the bloom episode.

In another embodiment, the treating is performed upon detection of saidpest growth.

In a specific embodiment, said pest is cyanobacteria and said at leastone water disinfectant is administered at a concentration of betweenabout 0.005 g/m² and about 50 g/m² or between about 0.5 ppm and about 50ppm of the active agent.

In one embodiment, administration of said composition to the aquaticsystem results in trace amounts of the active compound as measured inthe water 0.5 hour, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours or more after eachtreatment.

In a specific embodiment, said trace amounts of the active compound donot exceed 3 ppm, as measured 24 hours or more after each treatment.

In another embodiment, said pest is water surface inhabiting insects andsaid at least one water disinfectant is administered at a concentrationof between about 50 ppm and about 1000 ppm.

In a specific embodiment, said surface inhabiting insects are Culex sp.,Anopheles sp. or Chironomidee sp.s.

In certain embodiments, said disinfectant acts as an ovicide.

In one embodiment, said composition is administered to the aquaticsystem once, twice, or more.

In certain embodiments, the composition is administered three times aday, or twice a day, or once a day, or once a week, or once every twoweeks, or once every three weeks, or once a month or at longerintervals.

In a specific embodiment, the composition is administered once a day ortwice a day for a period of 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days ormore.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In order to better understand the subject matter that is disclosedherein and to exemplify how it may be carried out in practice,embodiments will now be described, by way of non-limiting example only,with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIGS. 1A-1B show images of a glass jar filled with CHABs; (FIG. 1A)prior to treatment, (FIG. 1B) after overnight treatment with a buoyantformulation of calcium hypochlorite.

FIGS. 2A-2D shows images of glass jars filled with CHABs and treatedwith various concentrations of calcium hypochlorite; (FIG. 2A) notreatment, (FIG. 2B) 0.5 g/sq m of the Ca(OCl)₂, (FIG. 2C) 1.0 g/sq m,(FIG. 2D) 5.0 g/sq m.

FIG. 3A is a graph of chlorophyll-a concentration (μg/l) at the watersurface as a function of time (days).

FIG. 3B is a graph of chlorophyll-a concentration (μg/l) in a depth of50 cm as a function of time (days).

FIG. 3C is a graph of pH measurements as a function of time (days).

FIG. 3D is a graph of dissolved oxygen concentration (mgO₂/l) at thewater surface, as a function of time (days).

FIG. 4 shows images of exemplary enclosure without treatment treatedwith three capsules treated with 6 capsules and treated with 9 capsules.

FIG. 5 is a graph showing the concentration of cyanobacterial cells/mlin enclosures treated with 3, 6 or 9 capsules, or without treatment (0),at two time points (at 12:00 and at 15:00).

FIGS. 6A-6B shows images of the water surface of an enclosure (FIG. 6A)no treatment, (FIG. 6B) treatment with 6 capsules.

FIG. 7 shows images of vials containing water taken from the surface ofthe enclosures after treatment with two doses of capsules. Left vial—notreatment, subsequent vials from left to right 3, 6, and 9 capsulesrespectively.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

The present invention relates to floating compositions comprisingbleaching compounds (or oxidizers), suitable for the control of watersurface inhabiting pests.

In particular, the present invention relates to a buoyant diffusibleformulation containing calcium hypochlorite, sodium dichloroisocyanurate(NaDCC) or sodium percarbonate (or other algaecides acting upon contact)suitable for the control of pests inhabiting water surface includingfirst and foremost, cyanobacteria harmful algal blooms (CHABs) andsurface inhabiting insects, as well as to methods for preparing thesame.

The invention is based in part on the surprising finding that a floatingformulation of calcium hypochlorite or NaDCC demonstrated excellentefficacy against massive mats of cyanobacteria, at ‘total Clconcentration’ (the total Cl concentration within a water column) whichis much lower than the level of chlorine permitted in potable water.

Hypochlorite and other oxidizers have been used for decades as purifyingagents in drinking water supply systems. Similarly, small bodies ofwater such as swimming and recreational pools are often purified againstalgae and bacteria by systematically treating them with hypochlorite inhigh concentrations. This solution is obviously not suitable for largebasins such as lakes or open water bayous due to high costs related withlarge quantities of the compound needed, nonspecific lethal effects ofbleach on the entire ecosystem's fauna and flora.

The present invention is based on the realization that ill effects ofusing a water disinfectant acting on contact could be remedied bylowering the actual concentration of the compound in the water column.This is achieved by maintaining a gradient of the disinfectant (e.g.hypochlorite or hydrogen peroxide) in the column of water by slowrelease of the compound from a diffusible buoyant formulation. Theconcentration gradient of the disinfectant is produced by diffusion ofthe compound in water and optionally also by its rapid interaction withorganic material in the water (including with the phytoplankton). Thewater surface is where the mass of cyanobacteria is situated as mats,and hence, applying the floating composition of the invention at thewater surface can hold back a potential algal toxic bloom outbreak.

The novel treatment concept stems from the surprising finding thatrelatively small amounts of the oxidizing compound are sufficient fortriggering an overwhelming reaction by the phytoplankton and especiallycyanobacteria populations. This effect could be achieved by using afloating formulation of the oxidizing compounds. When repeated at acertain frequency (according to the initial cyanobacteria content andcomposition, as well as the overall load of the organic material in thewater) the cyanobacterial cell numbers begin to decline, eventuallyleading to the collapse of the HAB population and optionally to thecolonization of the water column by competing non-harmful organisms.This method enables a simple treatment with very low input requirementsfor dispersal of the oxidizers and facilitates economical usage of massdispersal methods (e.g. boats and crop dusting planes). Moreover, due tothe low dosage of oxidizers and due to the massive organic load in thetreated water, the total available oxidizing-agent concentration in thewater is significantly lower than the concentration allowed byregulators in treated drinking water (1-3 ppm of available chlorine)providing a safe and simple treatment with minimal adverse environmentaleffects.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, hypochlorite reacts in the columnof water with abundant organic matter at the surface, and thus does notaccumulate in the water column. Every molecule of chlorine reacts withorganic matter that is present in the aquatic system and therefore theconcentration of available or total-chlorine is almost non-detectableafter a very short time.

The method of the present invention provides a simple and non-expensivesolution compared to current treatments using aluminum sulfate. Thesolution provided by the present invention is about 15-20 times cheaperthan the current Al.sub.2(SO.sub.4).sub.3 treatment, significantly moreeffective as well as significantly less toxic to the environment.

As a result of the treatment the algal and cyanobacterial numbers can besignificantly reduced. As a consequence, the release of toxins, which istypically associated with the lysis of cyanobacteria cells at the end ofthe season, can either be avoided or significantly reduced, thusavoiding the detrimental effects of CHABs on water quality, whileavoiding widespread harm to water-inhabiting organisms.

Therefore, the present invention provides a method for controllingsurface-inhabiting pests in an aquatic system; the method comprising:

-   (a) Obtaining a composition comprising at least one water    disinfectant being an active agent releasing compound and at least    one floating agent; and-   (b) treating the aquatic system with the composition under    conditions that result in reduction, inhibition or elimination of    said pests in the aquatic system.

As used herein the term “controlling surface-inhabiting pests” relatesto the reduction, inhibition, prevention of accumulation, or eliminationof said pest growth in the aquatic system.

As used herein the term “pest” encompasses microorganisms and organismsinhabiting water surfaces including but not limited to algae (e.g.cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CHABs), and organisms causingphenomena such as red tides (caused by dinoflagellates) or sea foam,bacteria, plankton, phytoplankton water surface inhabiting insects(i.e., adult subjects, eggs or larvae of biting flies, Chironomidae(Tanypodinae) or Culicidae, e.g. Culex quinquefasciatus or Anophelesstevensi). Therefore, non limiting examples of water surface inhabitinginsects include Culex sp., Aedes sp., Anopheles sp. and Chironomidee sp.

In a specific embodiment, the pest is cyanobacteria and cyanobacterialharmful algal blooms (CHABs).

As used herein the term “algal bloom” relates to a rapid increase oraccumulation in the population of algae (typically microscopic) in anaquatic system. Algal blooms may occur in freshwater as well as marineenvironments, and are also referred to as scum or floating algal mats.The term “harmful algal bloom” (HAB) relates to an algal (orcyanobacterial) bloom that causes negative impacts to other organismsvia production of toxins, mechanical damage to other organisms, or byother means. The term encompasses any macro- or micro-photosyntheticorganisms including green algae as well as cyanobacteria such as (butnot limited to) Microcystis, Anabena, Planktothria, Nostoc, Nodularia,Oscillatoria sp., Cylindrosperum, Planktothrix spp., Aphanizomenon spp.,Lyngbya and species such as Anabaena flos-aquee and A. planktonica aswell as marine dinoflagelates, which are associated with the red-tideswithin the harmful marine algal blooms.

The composition of the invention, and in a specific embodiment, acomposition comprising hypochlorite or hydrogen peroxide, would not onlyaffect the algal bloom but also commensal bacterial species, which areassociated with the CHABs. It is known that different bacterial specieshave a major role in the existence of the CHABs (Eiler and Bertilsson,2004; Jones et al., 1998; Sigee, 2005). Some of them cause,independently, adverse health effects for humans and animals (Berg etal., 2008).

Moreover, the compositions of the invention, and in particularcompositions comprising hypochlorite or hydrogen peroxide, also have anindirect detrimental effect on insects. In particular, insects whichinhabit the water-surface interface, at least at a portion of their lifecycle, for example, but not limited to, Chironomids, Anopheles andothers.

In certain aspects the methods of the present invention target thenon-motile eggs of the insects. 250-500 ppm of concentrated hypochloritecaused 95% of egg populations not to hatch. Other eggs hatchedprematurely and most of the hatched larvae did not mature into adults.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, elimination of the egg-massesfrom the environment would not only affect chironomid population, butmay also diminish V. cholerae's ability to spread in water or to beconsumed and therefore transmitted to humans.

As used herein the term “aquatic system” encompasses natural orartificial systems such as lakes, rivers, fountains, ponds (e.g. fishponds), canals, aquariums, aquaculture systems, water holding orconveying systems, water reservoirs, open drinking water systems,brackish water environments, waste water and oceans.

As used herein the term “water disinfectant” relates to a compoundcapable of removal, deactivation or killing of microorganisms in water.

In preferred embodiments the water disinfectant is an active agentreleasing compound. In another embodiment the water disinfectant is anoxidizing water disinfectant.

Non limiting examples of water disinfectants in accordance with theinvention include: chlorine based compounds (also referred to as“chlorine releasing agents”) (e.g. hypochlorite (OCl), calciumhypochlorite, sodium hypochlorite, sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC,dehydrate dihydrate monohydrate or anhydrous),dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT)) copper sulfate, bromine basedcompounds (also referred to as “bromine-releasing agents”), iodine (I),iodophores, potassium permanganate (KMnO.sub.4), and peroxide-generatingcompounds (e.g. hydrogen peroxide, sodium per-carbonate, calciumperoxide, solidified hydrogen peroxide-PVP complexes, sodium per-borate(tetrahydrate or monohydrate), peracetic acid). Preferably, the waterdisinfectant is an oxidizing agent that reacts with water and with theorganic material in the water thereby producing non-toxic products thatdo not accumulate or change the aquatic environment.

For example, suitable reactive chlorine- or bromine-containing,oxidizing agents include heterocyclic N-bromo and N-chloro imides suchas trichloroisocyanuric, tribromoisocyanuric, dibromoisocyanuric anddichloroisocyanuric acids, and salts thereof with water-solubilizingcations such as potassium and sodium (e.g. Sodium dichloroisocyanurate(NaDCC) dehydrate or NaDCC anhydrous). Additional agents includeChloramine T (Sodium salt of N-chloro-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide),Dichloramine T (N, N-dichloro-4-methylbenzene-sulfonamide), orchlorine-releasing quaternary ammonium compounds (e.g. benzalkoniumchloride, benzethonium chloride and cetylpyridinium chloride). Hydantoincompounds such as 1, 3-dichloro-5,5-dimethyl-hydantoin are alsosuitable. Dry, particulate, water-soluble anhydrous inorganic salts arelikewise suitable for use herein such as lithium, sodium or calciumhypochlorite and hypobromite, as well as chlorinated trisodiumphosphate.

For example, suitable reactive chlorine- or bromine-containing,oxidizing agents include heterocyclic N-bromo and N-chloro imides suchas trichloroisocyanuric, tribromoisocyanuric, dibromoisocyanuric anddichloroisocyanuric acids, and salts thereof with water-solubilizingcations such as potassium and sodium (e.g. sodium dichloroisocyanurate(NaDCC) dihydrate or NaDCC anhydrous). Additional agents includechloramine T (sodium salt of N-chloro-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide),Dichloramine T (N, N-dichloro-4-methylbenzene-sulfonamide), orchlorine-releasing quaternary ammonium compounds (e.g. benzalkoniumchloride, benzethonium chloride and cetylpyridinium chloride). Hydantoincompounds such as 1, 3-dichloro-5,5-dimethyl-hydantoin are alsosuitable. Dry, particulate, water-soluble anhydrous inorganic salts arelikewise suitable for use herein such as lithium, sodium or calciumhypochlorite and hypobromite, as well as chlorinated trisodiumphosphate.

Inorganic peroxygen-generating compounds may also be suitable as coresfor the particles of the present invention. Examples of these materialsare salts of monopersulphate, copper sulfate, perborate monohydrate,perborate terahydrate, and percarbonate.

In another embodiment, the water disinfectants are aldehydes (e.g.formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde) and solidified compounds thereof.

In one embodiment the composition of the invention comprises a mixtureof any of the above listed compounds such as, but not limited to, Coppersulfate and any hypochlorite compound. Preferably such a mixture willresult in a synergistic effect.

In one embodiment, the method of the invention comprises sequentialadministrations of the composition of the invention wherein in eachadministration a different water disinfectant is used.

The term “water disinfectant” also encompasses bleaching agents orcompounds.

Non-limiting examples of active agents released by the active agentreleasing compound are Chlorine (Cl₂), Chlorine dioxide (ClO₂), Ozone(O₃), halogens (e.g. bromine (Br₂), bromine chloride (BrC), metals (e.g.copper (Cu²⁺), silver (Ag), Alum, Phenols, alcohols, soaps anddetergents.

In a specific embodiment, the water disinfectant is any compoundsuitable for water disinfection that produces hypochlorous acid orhydrogen peroxide as the active compound.

In specific embodiments said water disinfectant is calcium hypochlorite,sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) dihydrate, or sodium percarbonate.

As used herein the term “floating agents” relates to compounds capableof floating on the surface of water. Non limiting examples of floatingagents include cellulose derivatives, ground plant biomass, saturatedhydrocarbons, resinous materials, foam, gelling agents and natural orsynthetic latex.

In one embodiment the floating agent is wood dust (also termed sawdust).In a specific embodiment, the composition comprises sawdust and calciumhypochlorite granules. The composition is prepared, for example, byadding calcium hypochlorite granules (e.g. 14-50 mesh) to sawdust, thecompounds are partially sealed with a silicone adhesive, thoroughlymixed and then crushed to the desired particle size.

In one embodiment the floating agent is paraffin. In a specificembodiment, the composition comprises calcium hypochlorite and paraffin.The composition is prepared, for example, by mixing calcium hypochloritepowder at a ratio of 1:2 w/w with paraffin at the melting point ofparaffin and then either extruded or cooled and made into 3-4 mm flakes.

In one embodiment the floating agent is rosin. In a specific embodiment,the composition comprises calcium hypochlorite and rosin. Thecomposition is prepared, for example, by mixing calcium hypochloritepowder at a ratio of 1:2 w/w with rosin at the melting point of rosinand then either extruded or cooled and made into 3-4 mm flakes.

The floating agent may be foam, for example any foam-former of suitableresistance to oxidation, e.g., Styrofoam or silicon foams.

Thus, in one embodiment the floating agent is extruded or expandedpolystyrene foam. In a specific embodiment, the composition comprisescalcium hypochlorite and extruded or expanded polystyrene foam. Thecomposition is prepared, for example, by mixing calcium hypochloritegranules with the viscous polymer pre-foam solution and then curing.

In another embodiment the floating agent is silicone foam. In a specificembodiment, the composition comprises calcium hypochlorite and siliconefoam. The composition is prepared, for example, by mixing calciumhypochlorite granules with the viscous polymer pre-foam solution andthen curing.

In a specific embodiment the floating agent is an aqueous foam solutioncontaining a foam-generating chemical capable of producing foam whenmixed with gas, e.g. air.

In a specific embodiment the composition of the invention comprises anaqueous foam comprising chlorine dioxide. An aqueous solution comprisingthe disinfectant agent and capable of forming a foam is prepared forexample by adding a foaming agent, i.e., a suitable surfactant, towater. Chlorine dioxide may then be added to the solution or it may begenerated in-situ by reacting an oxidizing agent, or a cationic exchangeresin in the acidic form, or an acid with a metal chlorite dissolvedtherein. The resultant foam solution may subsequently be foamed by beingmixed with air in a foam generator.

In another embodiment the floating agent is a gelling agent, e.g.hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. In a specific embodiment, the compositioncomprises dichloroisocyanuric acid sodium salt dihydrate (NaDCC) andhydroxypropyl methylcellulose.

In certain embodiments the composition may further comprise at least onebinding agent, e.g. Glyceryl Stearate. Without wishing to be bound bytheory the addition of Glyceryl Stearate decreases friability of thepellets and increases the buoyancy.

In certain embodiments the composition may further comprise at least oneswelling agent, e.g. sodium chlorite, citric acid or Sodium Bicarbonate.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, sodium bicarbonate and citricacid react and release carbon dioxide upon exposure to water and therebyfurther reduce the compound's dissolution time.

Thus in one specific embodiment the composition comprises NaDCC,hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, glyceryl stearate, and sodium chlorite orcitric acid and Sodium Bicarbonate.

In another embodiment, the composition comprises calcium hypochloritecoated with at least one layer of film-forming latex in a hydrocarbon.The density of the coated particles depends on the porosity of calciumhypochlorite pellets and the character of the coating.

The amount of the at least one water disinfectant in the composition mayrange from about 10% w/w, or about 20% w/w, or about 30% w/w, or about40% w/w, or about 50% w/w or higher of the total composition.

In certain embodiments the compositions may be prepared by mixing,compression, hardening, or coating so as to form solid particles.

In certain embodiments the composition is in the form of particles,flakes, powder, pills, pellets, or solution.

In one embodiment said treating step (b) is performed by dispersing thecomposition on the water surface. The dispersion may be performed byspraying the composition over the aquatic system, e.g. by creatingaerosol.

In one embodiment, the treatment begins at the beginning of the bloomseason optionally under a routine monitoring system.

In a specific embodiment, the composition is spread before, or at theonset of a bloom episode and prevents a potential toxic bloom outbreak.The treatment frequency can be daily, weekly or monthly—for example, inaccordance with the organic load, variety of other phytoplankton andmicroorganism populations and type of the harmful microorganisms.

The treatment may be repeated for a few days, halted and then resumed ifand when the cell numbers rise.

The algal mats are driven on the surface of water by the currents andwinds. The floating formulation of the invention moves together with itstarget thus only the areas of accumulation of algae and not the wholesurface of water should be treated.

The effective treatment protocol can be determined by a person skilledin the art according to the local conditions in the aquatic system. Thetreatment may be provided as a single dispersion or as multipledispersions. The frequency of treatment may be determined according tothe local conditions and may for example be three times a day, or twicea day, or once a day, or once a week, or once every two weeks, or onceevery three weeks, or once a month or at longer or shorter intervals. Inone embodiment the treatment is performed once at the beginning of theseason with the appearance of the cyanobacteria and repeated, ifnecessary.

Reduction, inhibition or elimination of algal growth can be easilydetermined using various methods. Non limiting examples include: visualdetection, for example by inspecting the color and/or consistency of thewater, analysis of genetic markers, e.g. the abundance of specific DNAsoriginating from these organisms such as those encoding for theirribosomes, measuring chlorophyll-a content, microscopic measurements ofcyanobacterial cell numbers, measuring dissolved oxygen concentrationsin the water, or by measuring the pH in the water, whereby an increasein pH is indicative of an increase in cyanobacterial cell numbers.

In one embodiment the total concentration of the oxidizing agent (e.g.calcium hypochlorite or NaDCC) in the water of the aquatic system issignificantly lower than the level of chlorine permitted in potablewater, preferably, 0.003 mM to 0.03 mM, or 0.05-50 g/m² of the watersurface or lower, or between about (0.5 ppm) and about (50 ppm) of theactive agent.

For example (see Examples 1 and 2 below), the inventors demonstratedthat application of as little as 5 g/m² at the surface of highlypolluted water obtained from a small pond at the Jerusalem Zoocontaminated with more than 10⁹ Microcystis cells/ml was sufficient forthe total elimination of the algal mat. Taking for comparison theshallow Green lake (Seattle, USA) with a surface of 1.05·10⁶ m² and awater volume of 4.12×10⁶ m³, only 5 ton of Ca (OC)₂ of the buoyantformulation can be used as compared with 44 ton of the comparativenon-buoyant formulation for the permitted range of hypochlorite inpotable water.

Furthermore, application of as little as 1.2 or 1.6 g of NaDCC toenclosures having a volume of about 270 liter was sufficient for thetotal elimination of the cyanobacterial infestation (as shown inExamples 5 and 6 below).

The amount of dispersed oxidizers in accordance with the method of theinvention depends on the amount of organic material in the water.Calcium hypochlorite or NaDCC interact with the organic material oncontact and thereby their effective concentration is rapidly reduced.Namely, the active compound of the floating formulation interactsimmediately with the organic load existing in the water without leavingany detectable residue and without accumulating in the environment.

The invention also provides a slow release floating formulation of ableaching compound. Specifically, the invention provides a floatingalgal growth inhibitor, a floating water-borne insect-ovicide, or afloating composition comprising a compound that reduces insectoviposition on water.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, the present invention providessimple and cost-effective methods for interfering with the ecologicalniches of cyanobacteria or green algae (phytoplankton). Thisinterference provides a temporary advantage to competitivemicroorganisms in the same environment and allows them to take over andsuccessfully compete with the harmful phytoplankton. Namely, the methodsof the invention are not aimed at completely eliminating thecyanobacteria or green algae from the water, as is the common practicewith antibiotics, but to provide means for temporary changes in theirecological niche. Such an approach has never been used in large waterbasins.

In another embodiment, and in particular for the treatment of waterinhabiting insects, eggs or larvae, the total concentration of theoxidizing agent (e.g. calcium hypochlorite or NaDCC) is about 50 ppm, or100 ppm, or 200 ppm or 250 ppm or 300 ppm, or 400 ppm, or 500 ppm, or600 ppm, or 700 ppm, or 800 pp, or 900 ppm, or 1000 ppm or more of theactive agent. In one embodiment, the total concentration of theoxidizing agent is between about 50 ppm and about 1000 ppm of the activeagent. Preferably, the total concentration of the oxidizing agent isbetween about 50 ppm and about 500 ppm of the active agent.

With respect to water inhabiting insects, bleaching was not suggestedpreviously as a commercial ovicide, probably since high levels of theoxidizing agent could not be reached and sustained at the location ofthe eggs at the water surface (Di Domenico et al., 2006; Hatchett, 1946;Jacups et al., 2013).

As used herein the term “ovicide” relates to an agent that kills ordamages insect eggs, thereby preventing their regular hatching and thedevelopment of the larvae into a grown subject.

As demonstrated in Example 5 below, the concentration of hypochlorousacid at natural environments disappears rapidly from the water (uponreaction with organic matter of any sort). Although these hypochlorousacid concentrations affected phytoplankton very efficiently—as shown inExample 5—they did not effectively affect mosquito eggs, or their larvaewhich escaped the active compound by swimming away. In contrast, theseries of experiments presented in Example 7 demonstrates, on differenttypes of water-borne insects, that a relatively high concentration ofbleach (e.g. NaDCC) is required to destroy the insects' eggs. Sincethese insects' eggs are normally laid in large water bodies, treatingthem with a non-floating formulation would cause the bleach-load todilute in the entire body of the water, thus failing to reach effectiveconcentrations in order to affect the eggs or otherwise cause prematurehatch of the insects' larvae. The floating formulation of the presentinvention thereby provides an effective solution, allowingadministration of the high concentrations (e.g. 50-500 ppm) of theoxidizer required for effective treatment at the water surface andthereby generate the desired ovicidal effect.

In addition, the process of laying eggs by female mosquitoes has beeninvestigated for decades. Without wishing to be bound by theory, thefemales can detect harmful environment before laying their eggs on watersurface. Therefore, using floating, slow release formulations ofbleaching agents is expected to significantly reduce the amount of laideggs in those systems.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Determination of Sensitivity of Cyanobacteria toHypochlorite

A 4 liter glass jar (0=65 mm, H=1210 mm) was filled with CHABs freshlysampled from the Biblical Zoo of Jerusalem (FIG. 1A). The heavy algalpopulation consisted mainly of Microcystis sp. The polluted water wastreated overnight with a buoyant formulation of Calcium hypochlorite.The buoyant formulation was prepared by placing calcium hypochloriteparticles on a floating sheet of paper. The water gradually wetted thepaper and the Calcium hypochlorite particles gradually dissolved intothe glass jar interacting with the organic material and forming aconcentration gradient in the water. After overnight treatment with thebuoyant formulation containing 0.5 mg of calcium hypochlorite per sq cm(FIG. 1B), the average concentration of hypochlorite in the jar was 0.03mM, considerably below the permitted level (0.075 mM) in potable water.The surface algae were lysed. Eukaryotic algae at the bottom of the jarwere not affected due to the low concentration of Calcium hypochloriteat the bottom of the jar. No smell of chlorine could be detected at anystage of the experiments.

Example 2: Testing Various Calcium Hypochlorite Concentrations

The experiment was conducted as shown above in Example 1 using variousconcentrations of calcium hypochlorite. Different concentrations ofCa(OCl).sub.2 were added to a 4 liter glass jar as shown in FIG. 2: (A)no treatment, (B) 0.05 mg/sq cm of the Ca(OCl)₂, (C) 0.1 mg/sq cm, (D)0.5 mg/sq cm. At the end of the experiment 2 ml from the surface of eachtank were transferred into a 10 ml vial and left for several minutes tosettle. FIG. 2 demonstrates the effects of the various concentrations.Each of the tested concentrations reduced the amount of the algalpopulation.

Example 3: Preparation of Floating Composition of NaDCC Anhydrous withBeeswax

NaDCC anhydrous (Sigma #218928) was mixed extensively with 50° C.pre-heated beeswax 1:1 w/w. This resulted in the formation of fine NaDCCparticles partially encapsulated by the wax that enable floating of theactive ingredient on the water surface.

Example 4: Preparation of an Exemplary Floating Formulation ComprisingNaDCC

The exemplary product formulation included the following components:Active ingredient: sodium dichloroisocyanurate NaDCC dihydrate (obtainedfrom Acros Chemical)—39.4% w/w of the total formula.

Gelling agent: Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (Methocel 40-202 PCGobtained from DOW Chemical)—42.4% w/w of the total formula Bindingagent: glyceryl stearate (obtained from Making Cosmetics)—10.2% w/w ofthe total formula.

Swelling agents: NaCl (obtained from Sigma Aldrich)—8% w/w of the totalformula. Alternatively, citric acid (obtained from Sigma Aldrich) andsodium bicarbonate (obtained from Chem-IMPEX INT'L Inc.)—each 4% w/w ofthe total formula.

Preparation Procedure

The product formulation was prepared as follows: NaCl, citric acid, andsodium dichloroisocyanuric acid (NaDCC) dihydrate were ground inseparate containers thus achieving a particle size range of about 0.2 to0.7 mm. Alternatively, NaCl was replaced by glyceryl stearate and sodiumbicarbonate. This creates particles that can be evenly distributedthroughout the product. Next, Methocel 40-202 PCG, glyceryl stearate,dichloroisocyanuric acid sodium salt dihydrate, citric acid, and sodiumbicarbonate were combined in a large container and stirred until all ofthe ingredients were well mixed. Once well mixed, the mixture was fedinto a pellet press with a 12 mm diameter. The press was adjusted tocreate a pellet that is about 7 mm thick and has a mass of about 500 mg.The pellets were then incubated in a 115.degree. C. oven for 3 minutes,removed from the oven and allowed to cool.

Dissolution Study

The ability of the pellet to release free available chlorine from thewater soluble NaDCC was measured over time using a colorimeric method.Three pellets were selected at random from the kilogram batch that wascreated. The dimensions and mass of each pellet was recorded and thepellets were added to an 800 ml high density polyethylene (HDPE) beakerfilled with deionized water and covered with aluminum foil. Thedimensions and mass of the randomly selected pellets are reported inTable 1. NaDCC (0.1975 g) was added to a separate 800 ml plastic beakeras a control. 0.8 ml aliquots of each solution were pipetted into 50 mlvolumetic flasks and brought to volume with deionized water. 10 mlaliquots of these diluted solutions were mixed with 100 μl of 0.1%orthotolidine in a vial, forming a clear, yellow solution. The solutionwas loaded into a cuvette and was analyzed using a Shimadzu UV160UUV-Vis Spectrophotometer at 436 nm.

TABLE 1 Dimension and Mass of the Randomly Selected Pellets A 12 7 501.8B 12 7 505.0 C 12 7 496.7

Initial sample pulls occurred 15 minutes after the pellets and controlsample were added to the water. Additional pulls were taken at about 2,9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 24, and 36 hours.

Upon exposure to water, NaDCC breaks down to release free availablechlorine that acts as an algae growth inhibitor. Orthotolidine reactswith the chlorine causing a color change allowing for colorimeticanalysis to chart the dissolution of the NaDCC. The concentration ofNaDCC released at each time point was calculated by constructing acalibration curve relating the free available chlorine response to theinitial concentration of NaDCC. The initial concentration of NaDCCcalculation is shown in Equation 1. The original aliquot of the controltaken at the 15 minute mark was used to create standards ranging from25-250 ppm. The instrument response for each standard solution is shownin Table 2.Concentration of initial NaDCC=initial mass of NaDCC/volume of deionizedwater  Equation 1:197.5 mg/0.800 L=246.9 ppm

TABLE 2 Standard Curve Concentration of NaDCC Concentration (ppm)Response (AU) 0.000 0.000 24.69 0.169 98.75 0.828 123.4 1.013 148.11.356 246.9 2.053 The concentration of NaDCC released by the pelletsover time was calculated using the relationship found betweenconcentration and response from the calibration curve, which is alsoshown in Equation 2. The response of each randomly selected pellet(labeled “A”, “B”, and “C”) and the control standard are reported inTable 3. The response was converted to concentration in Table 3 usingEquation 3.Response (AU)=0.0085×Concentation (ppm)  Equation 2:Concentation (ppm)=Response (AU)/0.0085  Equation 3:

TABLE 3 Response of the Randomly Selected Pellets and Control Standardover Time Time (hours) Control A B C 0.25 2.053 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.171.941 0.034 0.091 0.036 9.17 2.022 0.794 0.973 0.848 11.00 1.831 1.1681.385 1.219 13.42 2.030 1.662 1.595 1.590 15.42 1.988 1.721 1.712 1.67717.67 1.968 1.649 1.628 1.688 24.00 1.850 1.753 1.889 1.809 36.00 2.0151.880 1.956 1.889

TABLE 4 Concentration (ppm) of NaDCC Released by the Randomly SelectedPellets and Control Standard over Time Time (hours) Control A B C 0.25241.5 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.17 228.4 4.000 10.71 4.235 9.17 237.9 93.41114.5 99.76 11.00 215.4 137.4 162.9 143.4 13.42 238.8 195.5 187.6 187.115.42 233.9 202.5 201.4 197.3 17.67 231.5 194.0 191.5 198.6 24.00 217.6206.2 222.2 212.8 36.00 237.1 221.2 230.1 222.2

As shown above, the exemplified formulation floats and slowly releasesNaDCC over time.

The release of NaDCC occurred at a relatively linear rate until 15hours. After 15 hours, the rate of release slowed down dramatically. By15 hours, about 85% of the NaDCC was released and by 24 hours about 90%was released.

Example 5: Use of the Floating Formulation to Reduce Cyanobacterial CellDensity [I]

Enclosures were set in an aerated fish pond (S10 pond, AuburnUniversity, Auburn, Ala.) infested with the toxic cyanobacteriumOscillatoria sp. (as the predominant species) with a chlorophyllconcentration of about 150 μg/l and microcystins levels of 0.2 μg/l.Three independent assays were set and were treated by capsules (pellets)containing about 200 mg sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) dihydrategranules as an active ingredient. The capsules were prepared asdemonstrated in Example 4. The enclosure was open to the pond's floorand was subjected to movement of the water by a forceful aerator thatworked every morning on a daily basis for a few hours each time. Fourdifferent treatments were applied: 8 capsules (total of 1.6 g of NaDCCdihydrate) at (1) single dose at day 1 only; (2) one dose every morningfor 5 days, (3) one dose twice a day for 5 days, and (4) no treatment.All enclosures were sampled three hours post morning treatment.Chlorophyll-a concentration was measured at water surface as well as at50 cm depth. This reading is accepted as a direct indication for thephytoplankton cell density. Also, levels of dissolved oxygen (DO), pH(all depths), total suspended solids (TSS) at the surface, conductivity,and light extinction were taken. The following surprising findings wereobserved:

-   -   1. Three hours after the first treatment, a 50-70% decrease in        chlorophyll-a concentration was observed on the water surface        which reached 99.96% decrease over 5 days of treatment in the        repetitive treatments (FIG. 3A). Unexpectedly, the repetitive        treatment affected also the water column, as was observed at 50        cm depth with a decline of 50%-99% chlorophyll-a in comparison        to time 0 and no treatment control (FIG. 3B).    -   2. The reduction in cyanobacterial numbers resulted also in a        decrease of the photosynthesis yield: lower consumption of CO₂        from the system reduced carbonic acid and lead to a greater        bicarbonate concentration and therefore reduction of the pH        level. The pH decreased from 8.0 to 4.0 (FIG. 3C).    -   3. Dissolved oxygen (DO) measurements were also expected to        decrease due to the loss of the photosynthesis yield: the        concentration of O₂ in the water was reduced very fast, namely        after one day O₂ concentrations were reduced by ˜50% and lasted        for the 5 days of measurements (FIG. 3D).    -   4. Light extinction as measured along the water column, as well        as TSS or conductivity were surprisingly not altered, despite        the significant reduction in phytoplankton.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, pH and DO readings clearlydemonstrate that the cyanobacterial physiology was altered in thebeginning of the treatment even before cyanobacterial cells started todisappear from the water. This hypothesis is supported by the lack ofchange in light extinction coefficient, conductivity and total suspendedsolids (TSS) readings. Moreover, the readings of these three parametersremained constant throughout the entire assay and consistent across all3 blocks of the experiment, suggesting that other populations ofmicroorganisms took over the ecological niche the moment thecyanobacteria diminished. Alternatively, the other populations ofmicroorganisms may have predated on the nutritious cyanobacterial cellcontent.

Another support to that claim is that chlorine concentration was almostnon detectable along the whole assay neither at the water column nor onthe surface, and did not exceed 0.1-0.3 ppm three hours post treatment.In this enclosure having a volume of ˜270 liters, 1.6 g NaDCC dihydrateshould theoretically represent 5.9 ppm or ˜3.4 ppm of availablechlorine, although none could be traced either in the once-a-day or inthe twice a day treatment. In other words, the effect of the treatmenton the cell density as well as the additional parameters could not beexplained merely by direct toxic effects of the compound.

Moreover, as stated before, this enclosure was positioned ˜20 m awayfrom a strong aerator that blended daily the ponds' water, and probablymixed pond-water with the water in the enclosure whether by sprayingwater from above or by pushing water through the open end of theenclosures from below. The correlation of all parameters (chlorophyll-aconcentration on surface and at minus 50 cm, pH and DO (FIGS. 3A-D)independently in all 3 blocks of the trial clearly demonstrate that thetreatment with a floating formulation comprising minutesub-concentrations of hypochlorous acid can cause a complete collapse ofthe harmful cyanobacterial population and potentially make way for othercompeting, opportunistic microorganisms.

Example 6: Use of the Floating Formulation to Reduce Cyanobacterial CellDensity [II]

In another experiment, enclosures (composed of a 40 cm long clearpolyethylene tube) were set in an aerated shallow (30-100 cm deep) fishpond (G16 pond, Auburn University, Auburn, Ala., USA) which was heavilyinfested with the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria sp. with an initial celldensity of 10⁶ filaments/ml. The enclosures were placed in the waterwhile being open to both the water surface and the pond's floor. Thefollowing treatments were applied: (1) control with no treatment, (2)treatment with 3 capsules of a floating NaDCC formulation (3) treatmentwith 6 capsules of a floating NaDCC formulation, and (4) treatment with9 capsules of a floating NaDCC formulation (see FIG. 4 showing exemplaryenclosures). Each capsule contained 200 mg NaDCC dihydrate as the activecompound in a floating formulation as described in Example 4. Treatmentswere applied at 19:00 at day 1, then at 8:00 am on day 2, followed by athird and a last treatment at noon of the same day.

Six capsules (total of 1.2 g NaDCC dihydrate as indicated above)successfully removed the entire scum in the enclosure (FIGS. 5 and 6).This was also exemplified with vials that were filled with theenclosures' water surface to demonstrate the relative turbidity acrossthe treatments (FIG. 7). Cell numbers in the water surface droppeddramatically (one order of magnitude) during the treatment course. ThepH on the surface decreased from pH 9.5 to pH 8 suggesting a decrease inphotosynthesis activity. Total chlorine measurement was performed usinga tracer device (Pocket Tracer code 1740, LaMotte, USA) to reveal at theend of the treatment total chlorine concentrations of 0.3 ppm chlorineat the 3-capsule treatment, 0.43 ppm chlorine at the 6-capsulestreatment, and 1.22 ppm at the 9-capsules treatment (which were muchlower than the theoretical expected concentrations of 8, 16 and 24 ppm,respectively, for a volume of 43 liters).

Example 7: Defining the Effect of Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC)Anhydrous on Variety of Hazardous Water Borne Insects

Household bleach of 3% concentration did not harm the eggs of Anophelesstevensi, although at moderate chlorine concentrations larvae of manytypes of insects hatched earlier than non-treated controls. The earlyhatching altered their development and prevented them from transforminginto adults.

The series of experiments presented below demonstrates, on differenttypes of water-borne insects, that a relatively high concentration ofbleach is required to destroy the insects' eggs.

a. Culex quinquefasciatus (C. quinquefasciatus)

Mosquito eggs were obtained from the Center for Disease control in FortCollins, Colo. The eggs were counted and transferred to spot platescontaining 8 ml of NaDCC anhydrous solution at 0, 50, 500, 5000, and50,000 ppm. Each treatment concentration and control (0 ppm) wasreplicated 3 times within the same spot plate and transferred to anincubator set for 30° C. and 12 hrs of light and dark alterations for 25hours. Immediately, after transferring the eggs into the water manylarvae within the control started to hatch and began swimming. Larvaewere counted as living, hatched dead, or unhatched dead 25 hrs after thebioassay was initiated. Larvae were only counted as hatched if they werecompletely free from their egg casing. Data were analyzed by probitanalysis with the PROBIT Procedure in SAS (Version 9.2, Cary N.C.),producing an LC₉₅ and natural response rate. The LC₉₅ for C.quinquefasciatus was 93.8 ppm. Egg shells were dissolved andunperceivable in the 50,000 ppm treatment, and mostly dissolved in the5000 ppm treatment; larvae still maintained a shape suggesting that theynever hatched.

b. Anopheles stevensi

Anopheles stevensi eggs were obtained from the collection of InsectaryCore Facility and Parasite Culture at New York University School ofMedicine. 60 eggs were counted and transferred to spot plates containing8 ml of NaDCC anhydrous solution at 0, 0.58, 5.8, 58, 580 and 5800 ppm.Each treatment and control was replicated twice within the same spotplate and transferred to an incubator set for 30° C. and 12 hrs of lightand dark alterations for 72 hours. Data were analyzed by probit analysiswith the PROBIT Procedure in SAS (Version 9.2, Cary N.C.). Larvae werecounted living, hatched dead, or unhatched dead 72 hrs after thebioassay was initiated. Individuals were only counted as hatched if theywere completely free from their egg casing. The LC₉₅, for Anophelesstevensi was 270 ppm.

c. Aedes aegypti

A. aegypti eggs were obtained from the Center for Disease control inFort Collins, Colo. The eggs were counted and transferred to spot platetreatment or control wells, and placed in an incubator. Larvae werecounted as living, hatched dead, or unhatched dead 72 hours after thebioassay was initiated. Larvae were only counted as hatched if they werecompletely free from their egg casing. Data were analyzed by probitanalysis with the PROBIT Procedure in SAS (Version 9.2, Cary N.C.),producing an LC₉₅ and natural response rate. The LC₉₅ for A. aegypti was470 ppm. Egg shells were dissolved and unperceivable in the 50,000 ppmtreatment, and mostly dissolved in the 5000 ppm treatment; larvae stillmaintained a shape suggesting that they never hatched.

d. Chironomidae

Non-biting midge eggs (Chironomidae: Tanypodinae) were obtained from thepond at Town Park, Auburn, Ala. The eggs were counted and transferred tospot plates containing 8 ml of NaDCC anhydrous solution at 0, 50, 500,5000, and 50,000 ppm. Each treatment and control was replicated 3 timeswithin the same spot plate and transferred to an incubator set for 30°C. and 12 hours of light and dark alterations for a week. Data wereanalyzed by probit analysis with the PROBIT Procedure in SAS (Version9.2, Cary N.C.). Larvae were only counted as hatched if they werecompletely free from their egg casing. The LC₉₅, for Tanypodinae was205.7 ppm, with an estimated natural mortality rate of 2.8%.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A composition for targeting a waterinhabiting insect, egg and/or larvae in a water system, the compositioncomprising: a saturated hydrocarbon as a floating agent; a waterdisinfectant comprising hypochlorite and/or hydrogen peroxide, whereinthe water disinfectant comprises at least 50% w/w of the composition;wherein the water system is selected from: lakes, rivers, fountains,ponds, canals, aquaculture systems, water holding or conveying systems,water reservoirs, open drinking water systems, brackish waterenvironments and wastewater, and wherein the composition is buoyant andcauses slow release of the water disinfectant, such that theconcentration of the water disinfectant at the surface of the watersystem where it is applied is between about 50 ppm and about 1000 ppmfor at least one hour after application.
 2. The composition of claim 1,wherein the composition is in granules having a particle size range ofabout 0.2 to 0.7 mm.
 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the waterdisinfectant is at least partially encapsulated by the saturatedhydrocarbon.
 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the waterdisinfectant is sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC).
 5. The compositionof claim 1, wherein the water inhabiting insect, egg and/or larvae is amosquito, a mosquito egg and/or a mosquito larvae.
 6. A method forinhibiting a water inhabiting insect, egg and/or larvae in a watersystem, the composition comprising: applying a composition comprising awater disinfectant and a saturated hydrocarbon as a floating agent;wherein the water disinfectant comprises hypochlorite and/or hydrogenperoxide, wherein the water disinfectant comprises at least 50% w/w ofthe composition; wherein the water system is selected from lakes,rivers, fountains, ponds, canals, aquaculture systems, water holding orconveying systems, water reservoirs, open drinking water systems,brackish water environments, and wastewater; and wherein the compositionis buoyant and causes slow release of the water disinfectant, such thata concentration of the water disinfectant at the surface of the watersystem where it is applied is between about 50 ppm and about 1000 ppmfor at least two hours after application, thereby inhibiting the waterinhabiting insect, egg and/or larvae.
 7. The method of claim 6, whereinthe water disinfectant is sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC).
 8. Themethod of claim 6, wherein the water inhabiting insect, egg and/orlarvae is a mosquito, a mosquito egg and/or a mosquito larvae.